Ibuye rikomeza imfuruka zingufu: Soma iterambere nihame rya bateri ya lithium

Batteri ya Litiyumu ni ubwoko busanzwe bwa bateri ishobora kwishyurwa amashanyarazi ikora ashingiye ku kwimuka kwa ioni ya lithium hagati ya electrode nziza kandi mbi. Batteri ya Litiyumu ifite ibyiza byo kuba ingufu nyinshi, kuramba no kugabanuka kwinshi, bityo zikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bitandukanye bya elegitoronike ndetse n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi.

Ihame ryakazi rya bateri ya lithium ishingiye ku kwimuka kwa ioni ya lithium hagati ya electrode nziza kandi mbi. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, ioni ya lithium irekurwa mubintu byiza (mubisanzwe oxyde nka lithium cobaltate), ikanyura muri electrolyte, hanyuma ikinjizwa mubintu bibi (mubisanzwe ibikoresho bya karubone). Mugihe cyo gusohora, ioni ya lithium itandukanijwe nibintu bibi hanyuma ikanyura muri electrolyte ikagera kubintu byiza, ikabyara ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi, bigatuma ibikoresho byo hanze bikora.

Ihame ryakazi rya bateri ya lithium irashobora koroshya intambwe zikurikira:

1. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, electrode mbi ya batiri ya lithium izakuramo electron zo hanze. Kugirango ukomeze kutagira aho ubogamiye mumashanyarazi, electrode nziza izahatirwa kurekura electron hanze, kandi ion ya lithium yatakaje electroni izakwega electrode mbi hanyuma inyure muri electrolyte yerekeza kuri electrode mbi. Muri ubu buryo, electrode mbi yuzuza electron kandi ibika lithium ion.

2. Iyo isohotse, electron zisubira muri electrode nziza binyuze mumuzunguruko wo hanze, kandi ion ya lithium nayo ikurwa mubintu bibi bya electrode, ikarekura ingufu z'amashanyarazi zabitswe muribwo buryo, hanyuma igasubira muri electrode nziza ikoresheje electrolyte, na electron zahujwe kugirango zigire uruhare mukugabanya reaction kugirango igarure imiterere ya lithium.

3. Muburyo bwo kwishyuza no gusohora, mubyukuri, ni inzira ya lithium ion yiruka electron, mugihe hagerwaho kubika no kurekura ingufu z'amashanyarazi.

Iterambere rya bateri ya lithium ryanyuze mubyiciro byinshi. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1970, bateri ya lithium yatangijwe bwa mbere, ariko kubera ibikorwa byinshi nibibazo byumutekano byicyuma cya lithium, uburyo bwo kubikoresha bwari buke. Ibikurikira, bateri ya lithium-ion yahindutse ikoranabuhanga ryibanze, rikoresha ibikoresho bya lithium bitari ibyuma nkibikoresho byiza bya electrode kugirango bikemure ikibazo cyumutekano wa bateri ya lithium. Mu myaka ya za 90, bateri za lithium polymer zagaragaye, zikoresha geli ya polymer nka electrolytite, zitezimbere umutekano n’ubucucike bwa bateri. Mu myaka yashize, tekinoroji nshya ya batiri ya lithium nka bateri ya lithium-sulfure na batiri ya lithium ikomeye.

Kugeza ubu, bateri ya lithium-ion iracyakoreshwa cyane kandi ikorana buhanga rya batiri. Ifite ingufu nyinshi, ubuzima burebure bwikigereranyo hamwe nigipimo gito cyo kwisohora, kandi ikoreshwa cyane muri terefone zigendanwa, mudasobwa zigendanwa, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi nizindi nzego. Byongeye kandi, bateri ya lithium polymer nayo ikoreshwa cyane mubice nkibikoresho byoroheje kandi byoroheje na terefone idafite insinga, bitewe nubucucike bwabyo bwinshi kandi biranga ibishushanyo mbonera.

Ubushinwa bwateye intambwe ishimishije mubijyanye na bateri ya lithium. Ubushinwa nimwe mu bihugu bitanga isi n’abakoresha bateri za lithium. Uruganda rwa litiro ya lithium mu Bushinwa rwuzuye, kuva kugura ibikoresho fatizo kugeza gukora bateri bifite igipimo runaka n'imbaraga za tekiniki. Amasosiyete ya batiri ya lithium yo mu Bushinwa yateye intambwe igaragara mu bushakashatsi n’ikoranabuhanga, ubushobozi bw’umusaruro n’umugabane ku isoko. Byongeye kandi, guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yashyizeho kandi politiki y’ingoboka mu rwego rwo gushishikariza iterambere no guhanga udushya mu nganda za batiri ya lithium. Batteri ya Litiyumu yabaye igisubizo gikomeye cyingufu mubice nkibikoresho bya elegitoronike n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi.