Mwala wapangodya wa mphamvu zatsopano: Werengani chitukuko ndi mfundo zamabatire a lithiamu

Mabatire a lithiamu ndi mtundu wamba wa batire yowonjezedwanso yomwe ma electrochemical reaction yake amatengera kusamuka kwa ma ion a lithiamu pakati pa ma elekitirodi abwino ndi oipa. Mabatire a lithiamu ali ndi ubwino wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, moyo wautali komanso kutsika kwamadzimadzi, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi ndi magalimoto amagetsi.

Mfundo yogwira ntchito ya mabatire a lithiamu imachokera ku kusamuka kwa ayoni a lithiamu pakati pa ma electrode abwino ndi oipa. Panthawi yolipiritsa, ayoni a lithiamu amamasulidwa kuzinthu zabwino (nthawi zambiri oxide monga lithiamu cobaltate), amadutsa mu electrolyte, kenako amalowetsedwa muzinthu zoyipa (kawirikawiri kaboni). Panthawi yotulutsa, lithiamu ion imasiyanitsidwa ndi zinthu zoipa ndikudutsa mu electrolyte kupita kuzinthu zabwino, zomwe zimapanga mphamvu zamakono ndi zamagetsi, zomwe zimayendetsa zipangizo zakunja kuti zigwire ntchito.

Mfundo yogwira ntchito ya mabatire a lithiamu ikhoza kusinthidwa motere:

1. Panthawi yolipira, electrode yoyipa ya batri ya lithiamu idzatenga ma electron akunja. Kuti akhalebe osagwirizana ndi magetsi, electrode yabwino idzakakamizika kutulutsa ma electron kunja, ndipo ma ion a lithiamu omwe ataya ma electron adzakopeka ndi electrode yolakwika ndikudutsa mu electrolyte kupita ku electrode yolakwika. Mwanjira iyi, electrode yoyipa imadzaza ma electron ndikusunga ma ion a lithiamu.

2. Potulutsa, ma electron amabwerera ku electrode yabwino kudzera mu dera lakunja, ndipo ma ion a lithiamu amachotsedwanso ku zinthu zoipa za electrode, kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zasungidwa panthawiyi, ndikubwereranso ku electrode yabwino kudzera mu electrolyte; ndipo ma electron amaphatikizidwa kuti atenge nawo mbali pakuchepetsa kuchepetsa kubwezeretsanso mapangidwe a lithiamu.

3. Poyendetsa ndi kutulutsa, kwenikweni, ndi njira ya lithiamu ions kuthamangitsa ma electron, pamene kusungidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu zamagetsi kumatheka.

Kukula kwa mabatire a lithiamu kwadutsa magawo angapo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, mabatire a lithiamu zitsulo adayambitsidwa koyamba, koma chifukwa cha zochitika zambiri ndi chitetezo cha lithiamu zitsulo, ntchito yawo inali yochepa. Pambuyo pake, mabatire a lithiamu-ion akhala ukadaulo wodziwika bwino, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo a lithiamu ngati zida zabwino zama elekitirodi kuti athetse vuto lachitetezo cha mabatire achitsulo a lithiamu. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, mabatire a lithiamu polima adawonekera, pogwiritsa ntchito ma polima gels monga ma electrolyte, kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo ndi kachulukidwe ka mphamvu zamabatire. M'zaka zaposachedwa, matekinoloje atsopano a batri a lithiamu monga mabatire a lithiamu-sulfure ndi mabatire olimba a lithiamu akhala akukula.

Pakadali pano, mabatire a lithiamu-ion akadali ukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso wokhwima kwambiri. Lili ndi mphamvu zambiri, moyo wautali wautali komanso kutsika kwamadzimadzi, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafoni a m'manja, makompyuta apakompyuta, magalimoto amagetsi ndi zina. Kuphatikiza apo, mabatire a lithiamu polima amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga zida zoonda komanso zopepuka komanso mahedifoni opanda zingwe, chifukwa chakuchulukira mphamvu kwawo komanso mawonekedwe awoonda.

China yapita patsogolo modabwitsa pamabatire a lithiamu. China ndi amodzi mwa omwe amapanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso ogula mabatire a lithiamu. China lifiyamu batire makampani unyolo watha, kuchokera zopangira zogulira kwa batire kupanga ali ndi sikelo ndi luso luso. Makampani a batri a lithiamu aku China apita patsogolo kwambiri pakufufuza zamakono ndi chitukuko, mphamvu zopanga komanso gawo la msika. Komanso, boma Chinese nayenso anayambitsa mndandanda wa mfundo thandizo kulimbikitsa chitukuko ndi luso la lifiyamu batire makampani. Mabatire a lithiamu akhala njira yaikulu yothetsera mphamvu m'madera monga zipangizo zamagetsi ndi magalimoto amagetsi.